NORM: Vowel Normalization Suite | Vowel Normalization Bibliography

Vowel Normalization Bibliography

The following bibliography is a work-in-progress, but seeks to be a complete reference list for works on vowel normalization for sociophonetics. Those articles with procedures implemented by NORM are highlighted in bold.

Please note: We provide hyper-links to articles and resources that are online. However, access to these resources may be limited - i.e., you may need a subscription or access through your library to reach the resource.

Adank, Patti, Smits, Roel, and van Hout, Roeland. 2004. A comparison of vowel normalization procedures for language variation research. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116:3099-107. [ Online: JASA ]

Disner, Sandra Ferrari. 1980. Evaluation of vowel normalization procedures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67:253-61. [ Online: JASA ]

Fant, Gunnar. 1975. Non-uniform vowel normalization. Speech Transmission Laboratory Quarterly Progress and Status Report 2-3:1-19. Reprinted in Raymond D. Kent, Bishnu S. Atal, and Joanne L. Miller (eds.), Papers in Speech Communication: Speech Production. Woodbury, NY: Acoustical Society of America. 445-74.

Gerstman, L. 1968. Classification of self-normalized vowels. IEEE Transactions of Audio Electroacoustics AU-16:78-80. [ Online: IEEE ]

Halberstam, Benjamin, and Lawrence J. Raphael. 2004. Vowel normalization: the role of fundamental frequency and upper formants. Journal of Phonetics 32:423-34. [ Online J. of Phon. ]

Harshman, Richard A., and Papçun, George. 1976. Vowel normalization by linear transformation of each speaker's acoustic space. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59:S71. [ Online: JASA ]

Hindle, Donald. 1978. Approaches to vowel normalization in the study of natural speech. In D. Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods. New York: Academic. 161-71.

Holmes, John N. 1986. Normalization in speech perception. In Joseph S. Perkell and Dennis H. Klatt (eds.), Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum. 346-58.

Iri, Masao. 1959. A mathematical method in phonetics with a special reference to the acoustical structure of Japanese vowels. Gengo Kenkyu 35:23-30.

Johnson, Keith. 2006. Resonance in an exemplar-based lexicon: The emergence of social identity and phonology. Journal of Phonetics 34:485-99.

Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford, UK/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford, UK/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Labov, William, Ash, Sharon, and Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonology, Phonetics, and Sound Change. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Lobanov, B. M. 1971. Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:606-08. [ Online: JASA ]

Miller, James D. 1989. Auditory-perceptual interpretation of the vowel. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:2114-34. [ Online JASA ]

Miller, James D., Engebretson, A. Maynard, and Vemula, N. Rao. 1980. Vowel normalization: Differences between vowels spoken by children, women, and men. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68:S33. [ Online: JASA ]

Nearey, Terrance M. 1977. Phonetic Feature Systems for Vowels. Dissertation, University of Alberta. Reprinted 1978 by the Indiana University Linguistics Club.

Nearey, Terrance M. 1989. Static, dynamic, and relational properties in vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:2088-113. [ Online: JASA ]

Nearey, Terrance M., and Assmann, P. F. 1986. Modeling the role of inherent spectral change in vowel identification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80:1297-1308. [ Online: JASA ]

Nusbaum, Howard, and Magnuson, James. 1997. Talker normalization: Phonetic constancy as a cognitive process. In Keith Johnson and John W. Mullennix (eds.), Talker Variability in Speech Processing. San Diego: Academic. 109-32.

Pisoni, David B. 1997. Some thoughts on "normalization" in speech perception. In Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.), Talker Variability in Speech Processing. San Diego: Academic. 9-32.

Rosner, B. S., and Pickering, J. B. 1994. Vowel Perception and Production. Oxford, UK/ New York: Oxford University Press.

Strange, Winifred. 1989. Evolving theories of vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:2081-87. [ Online: JASA ]

Syrdal, A. K. and Gopal, H. S. 1986. A perceptual model of vowel recognition based on the auditory representation of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79:1086-100. [ Online: JASA ]

Thomas, Erik R. 2002. Instrumental phonetics. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford, UK/ Malden, MA: Blackwell. 168-200.

Thomas, Erik R. forthcoming. Sociophonetics. In R. Bayley and C. Lucas (eds.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Theories, Methods, and Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Traunmüller, Hartmut. 1990. Analytical expressions for the tonotopic sensory scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88:97-100. [ Online: JASA ]

Traunmüller, Hartmut. 1997. Auditory scales of frequency representation. [ Online: http://www.ling.su.se/staff/hartmut/bark.htm ]

Verbrugge, Robert R., Strange, Winifred, Shankweiler, Donald P., and Edman, Thomas R. 1976. What information enables a listener to map a talker's vowel space? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 60:198-212. [ Online: JASA ]

Watt, Dominic and Fabricius, Anne. 2002. Evaluation of a technique for improving the mapping of multiple speakers' vowel spaces in the F1 ~ F2 plane. In D. Nelson, Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 9:159-73.

Yang, Byunggon. 1996. A comparative study of American English and Korean vowels produced by male and female speakers. Journal of Phonetics 24:245-61. [ Online: J. of Phon. ]

Zwicker, E., and Terhardt, E. 1980. Analytical expressions for critical-band rate and critical bandwidth as a function of frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68:1523-25. [ Online: JASA ]

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Vowel Normalization Bibliography The following bibliography is a work-in-progress, but seeks to be a complete reference list for works on vowel normalization for sociophonetics. Those articles with procedures implemented by NORM are highlighted in bold. Please note: We provide hyper-links to articles and resources that are online. However, access to these resources may be limited - i.e., you may need a subscription or access through your library to reach the resource. Adank, Patti, Smits, Roel, and van Hout, Roeland. 2004. A comparison of vowel normalization procedures for language variation research. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116:3099-107. [ Online: JASA ] Disner, Sandra Ferrari. 1980. Evaluation of vowel normalization procedures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67:253-61. [ Online: JASA ] Fant, Gunnar. 1975. Non-uniform vowel normalization. Speech Transmission Laboratory Quarterly Progress and Status Report 2-3:1-19. Reprinted in Raymond D. Kent, Bishnu S. Atal, and Joanne L. Miller (eds.), Papers in Speech Communication: Speech Production. Woodbury, NY: Acoustical Society of America. 445-74. Gerstman, L. 1968. Classification of self-normalized vowels. IEEE Transactions of Audio Electroacoustics AU-16:78-80. [ Online: IEEE ] Halberstam, Benjamin, and Lawrence J. Raphael. 2004. Vowel normalization: the role of fundamental frequency and upper formants. Journal of Phonetics 32:423-34. [ Online J. of Phon. ] Harshman, Richard A., and Papçun, George. 1976. Vowel normalization by linear transformation of each speaker's acoustic space. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59:S71. [ Online: JASA ] Hindle, Donald. 1978. Approaches to vowel normalization in the study of natural speech. In D. Sankoff (ed.), Linguistic Variation: Models and Methods. New York: Academic. 161-71. Holmes, John N. 1986. Normalization in speech perception. In Joseph S. Perkell and Dennis H. Klatt (eds.), Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum. 346-58. Iri, Masao. 1959. A mathematical method in phonetics with a special reference to the acoustical structure of Japanese vowels. Gengo Kenkyu 35:23-30. Johnson, Keith. 2006. Resonance in an exemplar-based lexicon: The emergence of social identity and phonology. Journal of Phonetics 34:485-99. Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford, UK/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change. Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford, UK/Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. *Labov, William, Ash, Sharon, and Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonology, Phonetics, and Sound Change. A Multimedia Reference Tool.* Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Lobanov, B. M. 1971. Classification of Russian vowels spoken by different listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 49:606-08.** [ Online: JASA ] Miller, James D. 1989. Auditory-perceptual interpretation of the vowel. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:2114-34. [ Online JASA ] Miller, James D., Engebretson, A. Maynard, and Vemula, N. Rao. 1980. Vowel normalization: Differences between vowels spoken by children, women, and men. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68:S33. [ Online: JASA ] *Nearey, Terrance M. 1977. Phonetic Feature Systems for Vowels.* Dissertation, University of Alberta. Reprinted 1978 by the Indiana University Linguistics Club.** Nearey, Terrance M. 1989. Static, dynamic, and relational properties in vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:2088-113. [ Online: JASA ] Nearey, Terrance M., and Assmann, P. F. 1986. Modeling the role of inherent spectral change in vowel identification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80:1297-1308. [ Online: JASA ] Nusbaum, Howard, and Magnuson, James. 1997. Talker normalization: Phonetic constancy as a cognitive process. In Keith Johnson and John W. Mullennix (eds.), Talker Variability in Speech Processing. San Diego: Academic. 109-32. Pisoni, David B. 1997. Some thoughts on "normalization" in speech perception. In Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.), Talker Variability in Speech Processing. San Diego: Academic. 9-32. Rosner, B. S., and Pickering, J. B. 1994. Vowel Perception and Production. Oxford, UK/ New York: Oxford University Press. Strange, Winifred. 1989. Evolving theories of vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85:2081-87. [ Online: JASA ] Syrdal, A. K. and Gopal, H. S. 1986. A perceptual model of vowel recognition based on the auditory representation of American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79:1086-100. [ Online: JASA ] Thomas, Erik R. 2002. Instrumental phonetics. In J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford, UK/ Malden, MA: Blackwell. 168-200. Thomas, Erik R. forthcoming. Sociophonetics. In R. Bayley and C. Lucas (eds.), Sociolinguistic Variation: Theories, Methods, and Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Traunmüller, Hartmut. 1990. Analytical expressions for the tonotopic sensory scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88:97-100. [ Online: JASA ] Traunmüller, Hartmut. 1997. Auditory scales of frequency representation. [ Online: http://www.ling.su.se/staff/hartmut/bark.htm ] Verbrugge, Robert R., Strange, Winifred, Shankweiler, Donald P., and Edman, Thomas R. 1976. What information enables a listener to map a talker's vowel space? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 60:198-212. [ Online: JASA ] Watt, Dominic and Fabricius, Anne. 2002. Evaluation of a technique for improving the mapping of multiple speakers' vowel spaces in the F1 ~ F2 plane. In D. Nelson, Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 9:159-73. Yang, Byunggon. 1996. A comparative study of American English and Korean vowels produced by male and female speakers. Journal of Phonetics 24:245-61. [ Online: J. of Phon. ] Zwicker, E., and Terhardt, E. 1980. Analytical expressions for critical-band rate and critical bandwidth as a function of frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68:1523-25. [ Online: JASA ] [ NORM Form \| How to Use NORM \| About NORM \| Methods \| About Vowel Normalization \| Bibliography ]